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How to Choose the Right Capacitor for DC Link Applications
Thanks to advances in power semiconductor technology and improvements in circuit topology, today's inverter and switching power supply circuits are delivering higher performance at an unprecedented rate. Efficiency has been improved, standby power consumption is quickly moving into the green energy zone, and physical circuit sizes are shrinking. Even life expectancy has been improved.
Behind this performance push are changing application areas. Smaller power supplies and inverters are better suited to shrinking consumer and industrial products. Once limited in market scope, inverters are now at the heart of every solar, wind and hydro energy system as well as UPS devices, portable power supplies and more. In addition, product reliability is critical in many critical applications.
While much of these improvements can be attributed to semiconductor manufacturers and their application engineers, significant advances in capacitor technology have also been made. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have been the backbone of power supply design for many years, and they remain the best choice for many applications.
While we haven't seen any revolutionary leaps in aluminum electrolytic technology, there have been many technological developments over the years. This creep has made them smaller, more reliable, and with lower ESR and ripple current ratings. The latter two are particularly important for any power supply circuit that employs DC-link circuits. This, of course, includes switching power supplies and inverters.
Power supply metallized film capacitors are advancing even faster than electrolytic capacitors. We have seen evolutionary improvements in film materials, metallization and overall device construction. While metallized power film and electrolytic capacitors have some overlapping applications, each case has a best-fit scenario. In addition, film capacitors can be used for a wider range of shape factors and terminations.
What is a DC link?
A DC link (also known as a bus link) ) circuit is primarily used to balance transient power variations between an input source and an output load or power supply circuit (Figure 1). In the example of a switching power supply, AC power is converted to DC without passing through a transformer and is fed to a high frequency power oscillator. After rectification, a DC bus capacitor is applied from the positive to the negative terminal. In the power inverter, the DC link capacitor is placed in parallel with the input to minimize the effect of voltage variations as the load changes. The DC link capacitor also provides a low impedance path for the ripple current generated by the power switching circuit.
Conclusion
Choosing the best capacitor for a power inverter or other DC link application usually begins with comparing the capacitance and ripple current required. Make sure that the specifications you are comparing reference the same operating criteria. When starting with a semiconductor manufacturer's application circuit, use the recommended dielectric technology, as different circuit topologies may not match different capacitor technologies. Compare the cost of the minimum ripple current required for the expected product life based on voltage and capacitance requirements.
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